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RADIOACTIVITY
AND ABSORPION OF NUCLEAR RADIAZION APPARATUS
This apparatus includes a radioactive
source, a PVC base which functions as support for a series of metal
plates of different natures, a Geiger tube in a PVC housing, and an
impulse counter with incorporated power supply outlet for the Geiger
tube.
The set has the following
characteristics:
Radiation level absolutely below the
danger level;
Simple and quickly used;
Allows for repeated digital counts;
Identifies the optimum counting zone
of the Geiger tube;
Used fot study of radioactive decay
via a series of repeated counts: Poisson distribution and its
approximation;
Relative efficiency of a counter and
its determination as a function of the distance between source and
counter tube;
Measurement of the absorpition of
nuclear radiation by sufficiently dense substances. Determination of the
laws of absorption varying both the type and number of absorbers.
INtroduction to the statical concept of absorpition vross section;
On the basis of the type of source
employed, it is possible to arrive at a number of conclusion regarding
the non-nuclear reactions which give rise to to radiation identical to
that emitted directly from the nucleus;
The apparatus occupies a small volume,
with the radioactive source fixed either in its protective lead case or
removed and placed in the special-purpose hole.
In the second case, counts may be
functions of the angle between the reference axis and the Geiger
tube-source axis. The scattering effect may be observed in the presence
of metal plates.
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THE
COMPLETE APPARATUS COMPRISES:
a)
4832.00
Accessories for the study of radioactivity and absorption of nuclear
radiation
includes:
base in black PVC, with scale 0-270 mm x 1 mm
sliding support for G-M tube
fixed support for radiation souce
sliding suport with channelling for mounting of absorbes
set of absorbes in different materials (alluminium, iron, lead, brass)
of 2 mm thickness
b) 4832.50 magnetic blackboard for histogramms
In metal sheet, dimensions600x400mm
Complete with 100 pieces of magnetic- mounting for construction of
histograms, tree arrows, and a plastic plate with magnetic mount on
which to write the title of the hitogram
c) Geiger-Muller tube cat. 4825.00
Detecs alpha, beta and gamma particles
d) Radioactive source radium 226 cat. 4820.20
A small lead castle is provided with the source and this is mounted in a
hardwood box with hinged lid. Strength of the source : 5µ Ci (185kBq)
Emission: alpha, beta, gamma
e) electronic timer scaler cat. 2234.00
f) time base selector cat. 2236.80
g) radioactive source lifting tool cat. 4821.00
complete with instructions for the introduction to nuclear radiation
counting and analysis
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TUBI A CATODO CALDO
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HOT CATODE TUBES
4850.00 Universal Stand
Designed to accommodate the updated range of Teltron Tubes and
accessories, the Universal Stand provides easy access to all plug and
socket connections and gives a clear view of the experimental zone which
is projected at a 20° angle. The tube can be rotated 5° to either side
or vertical. A Filament Protection Circuit is an integral part of the
Stand. Excessive AC or DC voltage will cause a trip condition which
automatically resets after rectification of the fault condition. The
Stand is mounted on 3 rubber feet and weighs 570g. All Tube connections
are made on the Stand itself.
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4850.02 Helmholtz Coils
These magnetizing coils are supplied in pairs, each mounted in a slot in
the Universal Stand. A metric scale within the Stand lets the coils be
set in the Helmholtz configuration or in any other configuration up to
150mm maximum spacing between coils.
A single coil can be set in the front of the Stand to provide a field
coaxial with the tube. Each coil has 320 turns of 22 Swg. enameled
copper wire with a mean diameter of 138 x 10-3m.
The coil provides a field of 3000 A/m (12vDC 1.0A) for continuous
operation. A field of 4500 A/m (18v 1.5A) can be provided short term |
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4850.04 SECONDARY COIL
Used together the Perrin tube and helmholtz coils to produce a cross magnetic
field. The field can be used to introduce horizontal deflection of a cathode ray
beam, the basic principle of the cathode ray oscilloscope. lissajous figures may
also be produced.
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4850.06 Luminescent Tube
establishment of the cathode ray gun (diode electron gun)
excitation of luminescence by ultraviolet light.
excitation without ionization, no charge emitted
persistence and infrared quenching
The metastable state of excitation
Different colors, analysis spectroscope
Introduction of concept of excitation potentials
The Luminescent Tube comprises a simple diode electron gun in a
cylindrical neck and three mica flags coated with different phosphors
mounted on a metal support and located in the center of an evacuated
spherical glass bulb.
The diode gun, a tungsten wire “hairpin” filament and a cylindrical
anode, projects a wide beam of cathode rays into the experimental zone.
This beam is intercepted by the phosphor screens. All connections are
made on the Universal Stand.
Power supply
Anode voltage, 2000-5000V, DC
Maximum filament voltage, 7.5V.
Anode current at 4000V, 150µA.
Recommended Accessories
TEL EV 14 Power Unit
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4850.08 Perrin Tube
evidence of the particular nature of cathode rays
establishment of negative sign of charge
introduction of the “electron” as an atomic particle
electron deflection sensitivity studies
the concept of a “time-base”
operation of a cathode ray oscilloscope
simple Lissajous’ figures
The diode gun, a tungsten wire “hairpin” filament and a cylindrical collimating
anode, projects a narrow beam of cathode rays into the evacuated experimental
zone. This beam traverses the sphere to impinge on the luminescent screen in a
spot about 4 mm in diameter. The narrow beam may be deflected in a vertical
plane to enter the Faraday cage by using Helmholtz Coils, TEL 2502.
A further and horizontal deflection can be obtained using Secondary Coil,
TEL 2507 thereby constructing a simple cathode ray oscilloscope. All
connections are made on the Universal Stand.
Power supply
Anode Voltage, 1500-5000 V DC
Maximum filament voltage, 7.5V.
Anode current at 4000V, 1.8mA.
Beam current at 4000V, 4µA
Plates supply at 350VDC
Recommended Accessories
TEL EV 14 Power Unit
TEL 2502 Helmholtz Coils
TEL 2507 Secondary Coil
TEL 2810 Sweepgen
TEL 2811 Hivolt Bias
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4850.10 Maltese Cross
linear propagation of cathode rays
deflection by a magnetic field, a particle-nature effect
electrostatic charging, image distortion, a particle-nature effect
introduction to electron optics, inversion magnification, reduction,
aberration, a wave-nature effect (use one coil of TEL 2502)
comparison of cathodic stream and electromagnetic radiation
postulation of the de Broglie theory of duality
The diode gun, a tungsten wire “hairpin” filament and a cylindrical
anode, projects a wide beam of cathode rays into the evacuated
experimental zone. A beam of light from the hot filament is also
projected into the experimental zone. Comparisons can be made of the
respective shadows cast on the luminescent screen by the interception of
both beams by the Maltese Cross. All connections are made on the
Universal Stand.
Power supply
Anode voltage, 2000-5000V DC
Maximum filament voltage, 7.5V
Anode current at 4000V, 150µA
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4850.12
TUBO PER LA DETERMINAZIONE DEL RAPPORTO e/m
deflessione magnetica ed elettrostati ca degli
elettroni
determinazione dei rapporto etc.
specchio elettronico a spirali trocoidali
distribuzione delle velocitŕ e focalizzazione
magnetica
Uno schermo fluorescente č posto sulla
traiettoria dei fascio elettronico. Tale schermo č munito di una quadrettatura in
centimetri che consente la misura della deviazione prodotta dal campo magnetico creato
dalle bobine di Helmholtz (Cat. 4850.02) e dalle placchette di deflessione elettrostatica.
Noto il campo si ottiene una valutazione della
carica specifica dell'elettrone: etc.
Alimentazione dei filamento: max. 7,5 V
Tensione anodica: 2000-5000 V c.c..
Corrente anodica: circa 1 mA
Accessori per 4850.12:
Sostegno universale (Cat. 4850.00)
Coppia di bobine di Helmholtz (Cat. 4850.02)
Alimentatore di alta tensione (Cat. 2406.04 oppure 2407.01)
Alimentatore di bassa tensione (Cat. 2408.00)
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4850.14 Planar Diode
phenomena of thermionic effect in vacuum
the Edison effect and space charge
for fixed temperature, charge flow depends on electrode potential
difference
saturation” current depends on filament temperature
evidence of unilateral flow of charge
determination of e/m by magnetron method (use TEL 2502)
application of diode as rectifier
characteristic curve la/Va, Three Halves Power Law
filament temperature studies, Richardson-Dushman and Stefan
The Planar Diode consists of a pure tungsten wire filament and a
circular plate within an evacuated, clear glass bulb, the inside of
which has been made electrically conducting to eliminate external
electrostatic field effects. All connections are made on the Universal
Stand. The performance of the large geometry configuration has been
improved by attaching to one of the filament leads a circular backing
disk to provide a more uniform electric field between the cathode and
anode electrodes.
Power supply
Optimum plate voltage, 300V
Maximum filament voltage, 7.5V
Typical plate current, 0.6mA
Recommended Accessories
TEL 2801E H.V. Power Unit
TEL 2003/2030 Scan Unit with console for automatic data acquisition
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4850.16 Planar Triode
(Not Pictured)
establishment of direction of charge flow
application as an amplifier
concept of a cathode ray gun (diode electron gun)
application as an oscillator (use TEL 2502 coils)
anode and mutual characteristic curves
The Planar Triode is essentially the Planar Diode with a parallel wire
grid interposed between the cathode and anode electrodes. All
connections are made on the Universal Stand. As with the diode the form
of construction corresponds with the conventional triode symbol.
Performance of the large geometry configuration has been improved by
attaching to one of the filament leads a circular backing disk to
provide a more uniform electric field between the cathode and anode
electrodes.
Power supply
Optimum plate voltage, 300V.
maximum filament voltage, 7.5V.
Typical plate current, 0.6mA.
Recommended Accessories
TEL 2801 H.V. Power Unit
TEL 2003/2030 Scan Unit with console for automatic data acquisition.
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4850.18 Planar Triode
(Not Pictured)
establishment of direction of charge flow
application as an amplifier
concept of a cathode ray gun (diode electron gun)
application as an oscillator (use TEL 2502 coils)
anode and mutual characteristic curves
The Planar Triode is essentially the Planar Diode with a parallel wire
grid interposed between the cathode and anode electrodes. All
connections are made on the Universal Stand. As with the diode the form
of construction corresponds with the conventional triode symbol.
Performance of the large geometry configuration has been improved by
attaching to one of the filament leads a circular backing disk to
provide a more uniform electric field between the cathode and anode
electrodes.
Power supply
Optimum plate voltage, 300V.
maximum filament voltage, 7.5V.
Typical plate current, 0.6mA.
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4850.20 Electron Diffraction Tube
In 1922 de Broglie combined Planck's quantum energy idea with an
analysis of the Theory of Relativity and proposed that since waves
sometimes act as particles perhaps particles sometimes act as waves with
a wavelength of h/mv. Three years later Davisson and Germer and later
that same year J. J. Thomson's son provided experimental confirmation
that electrons do act as waves.
With the Electron Diffraction Tube one can verify the de Broglie
hypothesis and establish the dual nature of the electron. In addition,
one can calculate the interatomic spacings of carbon, (the diffracting
material in the tube).
The Electron Diffraction Tube emits from an indirectly heated, oxide
coated cathode, a narrow converging beam of electrons. The inside
surface of the end of the tube has a luminescent screen deposited on it.
A micro mesh nickel grid, onto which graphite has been deposited, lies
across the exit aperture of the electron “gun” (see figure 1). As the
electron beam penetrates this carbon target, the electrons are
diffracted into two rings corresponding to separations of the carbon
atoms. One can show that the wavelength of an electron l=dsinq.
Additionally, from the geometry of the tube (see figure 2), we see that
q=D/2L where q»sinq for small angles, D is the diameter of the ring and
L is the length from the graphite target to the luminescent screen.
Combining the two equations one can show that the diameter of the rings
is proportional to (V)-1/2.
A graph like the one in figure 3 is obtained by plotting (V)-1/2
vs. ring diameter. From the slope of the graph the interatomic spacings
of carbon can be calculated.
Save money when you purchase
the complete Electron Diffraction system |
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4850.21 Fine Beam Tube (Gas-Filled)
narrow visible electron beams
velocity focusing and gas multiplication
mean free path studies and unstable beams
primary and higher orders of ionization
loss of energy in a spiral path
measurement of “assumed circular path” e/m
secondary emission and phosphor screen “blanking”
introduction to plasma technology
The electrons emitted by the indirectly heated oxide coated cathodes are
projected from the two identical guns in the form of a narrow pencil
beam. These beams can be accurately traced within the helium gas as a
green glow due to the emission of energy during the collision processes
experienced by the electrons. The angle of projection from the guns can
be modified by applying a potential across miniature deflecting plates
located just beyond the emission apertures. Two coaxial parallel rings
are etched into the glass envelope at a spacing of 80mm to help measure
the beam diameter. All connections are made on the Universal Stand.
Power supply
Anode Voltage, 0-300 V DC
Anode Current, 10-20mA.
Heater Voltage, 6.3 V, 0.3 A.
Deflector Voltage, 0-60 V DC
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